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Tackling fake news, the Italian way - Legal Resources

As measures against fake news are widely debated across Europe, the protocol adopted by the Italian Interior Ministry on the eve of political elections, enabling the Postal Police to fact-check and report contents, has caused concern in the public debate

The Oxygen of Amplification - Reports

The report, written by digital media scholar Whitney Phillips for Data&Society, shows how the far-right manipulated the media in 2016, discusses the relation between reporting and amplifying extremist ideology and suggests some tips to journalists on when and how to cover online harassment campaigns and manipulations

The fake news game: actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation - Academic Sources

Can a game in which participants create a fake news article help them spot misinformation in the real world? Researchers made an experiment in a high school in the Netherlands

Fighting Fakes - the Nordic Way - Reports

Report published by the Nordic Council of Ministers reflecting on the expert opinions on how quality journalism, media and information literacy, ethical standards and self-regulation can be used for countering the disinformation 

Why Does Junk News Spread So Quickly Across Social Media? - Reports

This white paper by the Knight Foundation explores the spread of junk news around the world by examining the relationship between social media and democracy and by discussing the role of algorithms, advertisements and selective exposure in filtering and delivering content

How to Counter Fake News? A taxonomy of anti-fake news approaches - Reports

The article provides a first taxonomy of anti-fake news approaches, arguing that contrasting the phenomenon with news laws could aggravate its root causes

Freedom of the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy - Reports

A comprehensive study of internet freedom in 65 countries, covering 87 percent of the world’s internet users: Freedom of the Net warns that governments around the world have dramatically increased their efforts to manipulate information on social media over the past year

“News you don’t believe”: Audience perspectives on fake news - Reports

While a narrow definition of the term “fake news” deals with fabricated news reports, audiences use the same expression in a more broad meaning. RISJ’s Factsheet aims at contributing to the discussion on fake news from the point of view of “ordinary people”

Junk News and Bots during the German Parliamentary Election: What are German Voters Sharing over Twitter? - Academic Sources

The article studies Twitter data on bot activity and junk news using a set of hashtags related to the 2017 German Parliamentary Election

Defining "Fake News." A Typology of Scholarly Definitions - Academic Sources

In the last two decades, the term "fake news" has been used with several different meanings, which fall into six categories. It is possible to map them out according to their reliance on facts and their intention to mislead